Water Pollution with Sollution Essay Example

Water Pollution with Sollution Paper At the point when poisonous substances enter lakes, streams, waterways, seas, and other water bodies, This outcomes in the contamination of Water contamination has numerous sources. The most contaminating of them are the city sewage and mechanical waste released into the streams. Rural run-off, or the water from the fields that channels into waterways, is another significant water poison as it contains composts and pesticides. Local sewage squander water that is disposed of from families called sterile sewage, such water is unclean The primary natural materials are food and vegetable waste, plant supplement originate from synthetic cleansers, washing powders, and so on. Residential sewage is likewise prone to contain malady causing microorganisms. Along these lines, removal of local waste water is a critical specialized issue. Today, numerous individuals dump their trash into streams, lakes, waterways, and oceans, Today cleaning items are engineered cleansers and originated from the petrochemical business. Most cleansers and washing powders contain phosphates, which are utilized to mollify the water in addition to other things. These and different synthetic compounds contained in washing powders influence the strength of all types of life in the water. Rural Run off The high nitrate content in groundwater is predominantly from water system run-off from rural fields where compound manures have been utilized aimlessly. Modern effluents During the most recent fifty years, the quantity of businesses in India has developed quickly. Squander water from assembling or synthetic procedures in enterprises adds to water contamination. Most significant ventures have treatment offices for mechanical effluents. Be that as it may, this isn't the situation with little scope businesses, which can't bear the cost of colossal interests in contamination control hardware as their overall revenue is thin. We will compose a custom article test on Water Pollution with Sollution explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Water Pollution with Sollution explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Water Pollution with Sollution explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Impacts of water contamination The impacts of water contamination are destroying to individuals as well as to creatures, fish, and fowls. Dirtied water is inadmissible for drinking, amusement, farming, and industry. It reduces the tasteful nature of lakes and streams. It's not possible for anyone to get away from the impacts of water contamination. The individual and the network can help limit water contamination. By basic housekeeping the board rehearses the measure of waste produced can be limited. Arrangement on water contamination The requirement for water contamination arrangements that work is developing seriously. In spite of laws that are intended to shield our water from contaminations and contaminants, water contamination keeps on being an enormous piece of our planets danger. There are numerous laws set up to help shield the waters from contamination. Be that as it may, authorization of these laws is extremely thin. Since the Ocean is a huge domain, numerous vessels are as yet releasing and dumping legitimately into our seas and harming them With contaminants. Natural police have assumed responsibility for authorizing water contamination arrangements. They have focused on everybody from conveyance vehicles to the biggest and wealthiest organizations in the city. On the off chance that more urban communities would stick to this same pattern, we would be well en route to shielding our planet from horrendous water supplies. Answers for Water Pollution Ð'â ± What You Can DO Outside of implementing the momentum laws and making considerably harder guidelines to forestall the proceeded with contamination of water, there are devoted and moderately straightforward goals that everybody can take an interest in so we can give water contamination answers for the normal resident. Straightforward advances like driving half breed vehicles and utilizing home water coolers can decrease water contamination. Littering in any structure can likewise make extra contamination. Monitoring clean water supplies can be useful from multiple points of view, including forestalling the requirement for utilization of spoiled water supplies For example, if everybody bolstered clean horticulture here would never again be a business opportunity for farming that is liable for noxious overflow and ground water contamination . Acculturative is simpler than at any other time to perceive in view of the new guidelines for natural marking. Natural nourishments imply that there were no pesticides or other destructive contaminants utilized in growing out of the food. At the point when a food item is named natural, government law necessitates that it meets standards for being 75% natural or better. At the point when a food item is marked 100% natural it meets the measures for being 99% natural or better. 100% natural nourishments remember the dirt for which the item was developed as ell as the procedure of which the item was bundled, sent, and circulated. In any case, supporting associations you are supporting water contamination arrangements through clean farming. The protection of common wetlands gives a generally straightforward water contamination arrangement. Wetlands fill in as natures channel and make a characteristic buffering zone between the water and Thailand. The tremendous measure of different vegetation, normally happening microorganisms and green growth, unpredictable quality assistance to channel damaging poisons. Wetlands can be handily protected through replanting endeavors. Planting suitable foliage channel a wetland endure. While a few wetlands have been filled and created, wetlands tend tomato rather poor conditions to expand upon. Kinds of water contamination Despite the numerous sorts of water contamination numerous individuals despite everything consider this to be a solitary source issue,usually reprimanding enormous business for the consumption of numerous common waterways and the life inside. Whew huge business is halfway to fault, property holders, recreational and proficient boaters, Andean ranchers can add to the state of the planets water. Something as basic as flicking a cigarette butt out the window, which is frequently diverted bistros depletes that may inevitably discharge out into sounds, waterways, or seas, prompts rather essential buttonholing toxins in the waters of the world. We would all be able to add to tidying up the planetary we as a whole understand that we have a common culpability in its wellbeing. Different kinds of water contamination point to the various sources that can cause toxins fabric the conduits. Demonstration of water contamination Separating water contamination realities from water contamination legends is somewhat similar to isolating confusing expression hydrogen With tweezers. The realities about water contamination have gotten somewhat stirred up in the middle of promotion, trust, gifted cross section turn, and a large group of differ ent issues that have been considered wash infamous they as progressively significant. However it is imperative to instruct oneself with regards to the water contamination gives that are confronting only the nation, yet the entire world. Marine environments are something beyond intriguing spots to water ski. They are the lifes blood of the planet. Without marine biological systems there would be no planet, and no life. That is the reason saving our water is so fundamental to guaranteeing that the planet has a more splendid tomorrow. Above all else, it is essential to perceive that not the entirety of the poisons cap end up in the water business water based exercises. Truth be told, a fascinating water contamination actuality uncovers that lone 20% of the poisons in seas, waterways, coves, streams, lakes, and different waterways come firewater based exercises The staying 8 0% is gotten from land based exercises . This implies it isn't only transportability of the sea shore goers to tidy up the sea. We are on the whole liable for doing what debilitate to secure and safeguard the planets water supplies. Another intriguing but to be expected water contamination truth uncovers that guaranteeing a lump of that% of contamination due o water based exercises is brought about by voyage ships . A multi week voyage on journey ships yields in excess of a million gallons of dark water. Dark water alludes to squander water that has been corrupted by cleansers, cleansers, and different wellsprings of negative ecological effect however does exclude human waste. These cleansers and cleansers dark water can truly harm the biological system and contaminate the water which thus salvageable natural life. These gliding urban communities are likewise liable for creating more than 200,000 gallons of crude sewage,much of which is dumped during sea travel. The master water, which is stacked with oils, disulfide, and different poisons can represent at any rate 35,000 gallons of week after week sullying. The majority of us feel we have no power over how a journey transport works and many have never at any point been on one-So lets move a portion of our water contamination realities closer to home. Laughing imperils marlinespike, which interferes with the parity of the environment. Every year, plastic litter is answerable for the passings of more than 1 00,000 marine warm blooded creatures like porpoises and ocean otters. This equivalent plastic contamination is liable for the passings of in any event a million ocean winged creatures undercurrent like p elicans and gulls. It is highly unlikely to precisely count the quantity of fish deathwatches by plastic contamination however the evaluations are up almost three or 4,000,000 on a yearly premise. Littering and an inability to reuse plastics, regardless of whether you dont live close to the coastline, have some truly emotional results. Care contamination is commonly a solitary component brought about by one primary source. A modernly into a waterway would be a case of care contamination. Then again, unassumingness contamination is the aftereffect of various reasons for contaminants Thatcher contamination. These contaminations can travel significant stretches as overflow or thoroughwort downpours. Surface water contamination is the most conspicuous type of water tainting. This is the contamination that can be noticeably observed drifting on the highest point of the water. While surface water contaminations regularly as rubbish it can likewise be synthetically based, for example, fuel or oil spills

ENV SCI essays

ENV SCI papers Presently the number of inhabitants on the planet has arrived at 6 billion of every 2000. What's more, it is assessed to have 10.5~11 billion of populace until the number of inhabitants on the planet will settle. This implies the world should give food, cover, fabric for the expansion of 5 billion individuals. Be that as it may, this isn't the main issue. This extra populace will exacerbate the state of the land, and will abbreviate the regular asset quickly. Additionally the soundness of the populace will be a major issue. Because of the decay of the populace development , maintainable advancement of kids began. As of late AID is one of the most well known infection on the planet. It decreases the existence expectency around 15 to 47 years. What's more, thinking about the year when there will be 5 billion additional individuals in this world, we won't know which infection will murder what number of individuals. Increment of the populace doesn't just have the negative impacts to the world. It likewise give us new chance. First increment in the populace will give the world increasingly astute individuals, and these individuals will assist with taking care of the issues of the over populated world. Also, when individuals become busy they will look for a superior condition to live in and this may assist the individuals with finding another land to live in or another asset to utilize. Additionally they will attempt to forestall such huge numbers of individuals from kicking the bucket by a similar illness which will yeild to an advancement in medication which will improve the life of the individuals. Neediness is certifiably not a decent marvel for the residents of the world, particularly when the standard of life is improving. Greater part of the low salary individuals situate in Asia, and Africa. There earnings are not exactly a dollar for every day. There is another issue, imbalance among the individuals. This disparity is a snag to a maintainable turn of events. The greater part of the explanation of this imbalance is a direct result of the monetary hole between the nations instead of the inside the nations. Due to the destitution and the imbalance the world is languishing. Ho... <!

Top Medical Essay Samples and Essay Instructions

Top Medical Essay Samples and Essay InstructionsIn this article, I will share with you some of the top medical essay samples that are available online. You should consider taking one of these samples and presenting it to your instructor to help you with your essay writing.You have probably seen a lot of people writing essays about topics on paper. Most of them write about things that they learned in school. It's not necessary to be academically gifted to know a lot about the subject you're studying. Writing is an art and knowing how to write well can allow you to do that.The more knowledge you have the better you'll be able to write an essay on a topic you know very little about. This allows you to make connections between different parts of your body and your job. When you connect the knowledge you have with the subjects that you are writing about, you are able to make a clear and interesting essay.One of the best essay samples out there is an essay called the Medical Anatomy Statem ent Essay. You'll find that this essay uses an actual example from the life of a doctor to teach students how to make their own use of anatomy. Students who complete this course often get better grades than those who didn't. There is a lot of very good information on this site about the 'Science of Us' essay samples.This site is very popular and there are many great things about it but perhaps the best part is that it includes thousands of sample essays for medical study courses. These essay samples cover just about any subject that is on the syllabus. If you've never studied biology or anything more advanced than that, these are a great place to start.This site offers another great way to get the best ideas for medical essays and other types of papers. They have the AnatomyCourse Essay, which is a pre-written essay. All you have to do is make sure that you can follow directions and the same goes for the Medical Ethics essay that they offer.If you want to try and make a medical cour se essay on your own, the only thing you need to look at is what is being said by the professor. Then you need to be able to provide similar words and phrases. This is a great exercise to make sure that you understand the material that you are learning. If you can follow directions and write an essay on your own, you are already well on your way to having a very successful degree.These are just a few of the top medical essay samples that are available online. For many students, these are a great way to learn about topics that interest them and then make some notes on their own. I highly recommend that you take a look at all of the great resources out there for medical students.

Perfect Competition - 1463 Words

Perfect Competition In economic theory, perfect competition describes markets such that no participants are large enough to have the market power to set the price of a homogeneous product. Because the conditions for perfect competition are strict, there are few if any perfectly competitive markets. Still, buyers and sellers in some auction-type markets, say for commodities or some financial assets, may approximate the concept. Perfect competition serves as a benchmark against which to measure real-life and imperfectly competitive markets. Generally, a perfectly competitive market exists when every participant is a price taker, and no participant influences the price of the product it buys or sells. Specific characteristics may†¦show more content†¦In this way way it decides the market price as well as the total quantity if a commodity supplied in the market, and therefore it is called a price maker. Imperfect Competition In economic theory, imperfect competition is the competitive situation in any market where the sellers in the market sell different/dissimilar of goods, (haterogenous) that does not meet the conditions of perfect competition. Forms of imperfect competition include: * Monopoly, in which there is only one seller of a good. * Oligopoly, in which there are few sellers of a good. * Monopolistic competition, in which there are many sellers producing highly differentiated goods. * Monopsony, in which there is only one buyer of a good. * Oligopsony, in which there are few buyers of a good. * Information asymmetry when one competitor has the advantage of more or better information. There may also be imperfect competition due to a time lag in a market. An example is the â€Å"jobless recovery†. There are many growth opportunities available after a recession, but it takes time for employers to react, leading to high unemployment. High unemployment decreases wages, which makes hiring more attractive, but it takes time for new jobs to be created.A type of market that does not operate under the rigid rules of perfect competition. Perfect competition implies an industry or market in which no one supplier can influence prices, barriers to entryShow MoreRelatedPerfect Competition2278 Words   |  10 PagesPure Competition ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS 21-1 Briefly state the basic characteristics of pure competition, pure monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. Under which of these market classifications does each of the following most accurately fit? (a) a supermarket in your hometown; (b) the steel industry; (c) a Kansas wheat farm; (d) the commercial bank in which you or your family has an account; (e) the automobile industry. In each case justify your classification. Pure competition:Read MorePerfect Competition and Monopoly1722 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion 3 Perfect Competition and Monopoly (a) I. Explain perfect competition and monopoly market structures, and identify the key factors that distinguish them. Perfect Competition Market In economic theory, the perfect competition is a market form in which no producer or consumer has the power to influence prices in the market. According to the website wordIQ.com, in order to classify the market is a perfect competition market, the market must match below criteria: 1. ThereRead MoreCompetition : Perfect Competition Is An Economic Concept Essay1157 Words   |  5 Pages Question 7 Perfect competition: Perfect competition is an economic concept, there are lots of seller’s sells homogeneous products in the market and there are many buyers. There are no barriers to enter into the market. Furthermore both the buyers and sellers have good information regarding price so that sellers can offer a competitive price to the buyers and also buyers can compare the price to have the best choice. Monopolistic competition: Monopolistic competition is market structure in whichRead MoreMonopoly, Perfect Competition, Imperfect Competition5614 Words   |  23 Pagestheory of perfect competition 3 Section 2: The theory of monopoly 9 Section 3: The theory of monopolistic competition and oligopoly 13 Section 4: Resource allocation/externalities 19 Section 5: Suggested solutions 23 INTRODUCTION There are basically two types of market situation: (a) Perfect competition – in this market, firms have no influence; they are price takers. (b) Imperfect competition – this market includes monopoly, oligopoly and monopolistic competition; firms areRead MorePerfect Competition Essay example1950 Words   |  8 PagesPerfect Competition Perfect competition is an idealised market structure theory used in economics to show the market under a high degree of competition given certain conditions. This essay aims to outline the assumptions and distinctive features that form the perfectly competitive model and how this model can be used to explain short term and long term behaviour of a perfectly competitive firm aiming to maximise profits and the implications of enhancing these profits further. In a perfectlyRead MoreThe Market For Textbooks Is Characterized By Perfect Competition2279 Words   |  10 Pagesmarket for textbooks is characterized by perfect competition. In economic theory, perfect competition in the market applies where none of the participants has the market power of setting a price of a homogeneous (identical) product. Basically, a perfectly competitive market exists when every participant is a â€Å"price taker† and cannot influence the price of the product it buys or sells. There are certain characteristics which describe the perfect competition, however the conditions are strict and someRead MoreWhy perfect competition is the best market structure2301 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ Why perfect competition Executive Summary This report provides information related to the four main market structures and why perfect competition is the most efficient. Features of four market structures and comparison of monopoly and perfect competition. Perfect completion is most efficient Subject matter Details Conclusions Introduction Market structure is best defined as the organizational and other characteristicsRead MoreBusiness Analysis : Perfect Competition1466 Words   |  6 Pagesthese important questions that will help the mayor understand the structures of many of the businesses in his city: Describe each market structure discussed in the course (perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly) and discuss two of the market characteristics of each market structure. Perfect competition describes a marketplace that no one participant can set the market price of an exchangeable product. This is generally considered an ideal, rarely found in markets todayRead MoreWhat Is Perfect Competition Promotes Market Efficiencies1670 Words   |  7 PagesMarkets are typically divided into four sectors; perfect competition, pure monopolies, monopolistic competition and oligopolies. There are two factors that influence which sector an industry fits into, one being the number of competing firms and the other being barriers to entry. Commensurate with these are different pricing options and strategies undertaken by various firms to reach optimal profit maximization. Altogether, each market contains specific intricacies which effect supply and demandRead MorePerfect Competition vs Monopoly1378 Words   |  6 PagesMS (perfect competition) Vs Thames Water (monopoly) At one end is perfect competition where there are very many firms competing against each other. Every firm is so tiny in relation to the entire trade that has no power to manipulate price. It is a ‘price taker’. At the other end is monopoly, where there is just a single firm in the industry, and for this reason no competition from inside the industry. Perfect competition e.g. Marks Spencer, they have many competitors such as, Asda, Next

The Works Of A Depressed Man Essay - 1830 Words

Poe: The Works of a Depressed Man In this paper, will analyze the works of the great poet Edgar Allen Poe. My focus of this analysis will be his theme and how it related to his life. The poems I will be analyzing are Annabel Lee, The Raven, and Spirts of the dead to show the themes of Poe’s works. My analysis will show how Poe used the tragic events of his life as well as a few of the good things that happened to ultimately inspire themes of death, depression, and despair as well as some other minor themes in his works to immortalize his feelings about the world around him. Edgar Allen Poe was a writer, editor, and literary critic from Baltimore, Maryland who in the early part of his life would write short stories and poems while on staff at various newspapers. Poe s tales of mystery and horror gave rise to the modern detective story earning him the name Father of the Detective Story.† (â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe Biography†) Early in his life Poe had many things that influenced his use of death, depression, and despair as themes for his works. As a young boy, His father left the family early his life and then Poe Lost his mother to tuberculosis. Poe was later separated from his siblings after which Poe was sent to live with John and Frances Valentine Allan. While living with the Allen’s Poe was discourage from writing poems by John Allen who want him to follow him into the family business instead. While Poe was in college he found himself unable to fully pay for the cost that wereShow MoreRelatedMental Health Depression Essay1602 Words   |  7 Pagesincreased loss of control and they start taking unnecessary risks. This can become quite confusing for both the man and his family. Men are much more competitive and are concerned with power, so they feel silly about admitting that they are fragile or that they may need help. After turning to drink and drugs, their conditions just get worse, especially long term. Men start to focus on their work instead of their families as a coping mechanism. This ultimately causes friction and conflicts between wivesRead MoreDepression in Men1578 Words   |  7 Pagesbuying fancy things or in eating too much. There continues to be an increase in suicide rates in older men. This creates a challenge for a better detection method and diagnosis of depression. This increase could indicate that there are many aging depressed men that do not get diagnosed and remain untreated, resulting in suicide for some. More study is needed to determine how men perceive and act in regards to stress in late live. Older men’s coping ability may have changed or deteriorated. Older menRead MoreManagement Strategies For Depressed Teenagers1729 Words   |  7 Pagesteenagers as the years go by. I have chosen to talk about management strategies for depressed teenagers. I have decided to do some research on depression, the cause of depression, how depression affects people and the different strategies to help them. This particular topic has interested me, because of the experiences I have had dealing with these types of situations. I have had a lot of my closest friends become depressed and being able to help them out can be very hard and complicated. Depending onRead MoreThemes In Romantic Literature796 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Raven,† there is a man who is mourning the loss of his wife and then goes through a series of agonizing questions to a raven that flew into his house. Then, after many questions answered with â€Å"Nevermore,† the man becomes even more depressed of his dead wife and realises that he himself can’t escape death. Another story, â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher,† has a man who was chronically depressed, often hiding from light and even the faintest of sound upset him. He was depressed due to his sister reachingRead More The Emotional Perception of Art Essay1176 Words   |  5 Pagesat the same piece of art and see two images that are entirely dissimilar. What one perceives while looking at art depends on a person’s state of mind. If one is happy, he or she will find something cheerful and pleasing in the work of art. However, if one is depressed or going through a hard time, it will be as if they are looking at two paintings or two sculptures that are totally unalike. The artist’s purpose in creating his or her masterpiece is to create something that will make the viewerRead MoreAnalysis Of Fifty Shades Of Grey1213 Words   |  5 Pagesher own narrative of the 2008 motion picture. Titled Masters of the Universe, Leonard’s version went viral. Submission, bondage, and imagery of sadomasochism were the explicit work of Leonard s which set her work and Meyer’s centuries apart. Edward and Bella were no more after James terminated her fan-fictional work, and created her own website where she established new characters, Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey. (E.L James web) Self-published and print-demanded by The Writer’s CoffeeRead MoreThe American Dream and Class Separation Essay example626 Words   |  3 PagesCartoon by Jeff Parker, it shows the separation between the classes is increasing. The gap represents the social classes. The man with suit is from the higher social class while the man opposite him is from the lower class. The differences between the men demonstrate the difference between the social classes. The man with the suit has his chin up, he is turned away from the other man, he has glass and he seems to have his eyes closed to the gap between them while the other guy has baggy clothes, a spatulaRead MoreDepression : Symptoms And Symptoms1408 Words   |  6 Pagesto him anymore. In the story you can see that he is depressed without that even being mentioned word for word. Herman is the main character who begins to question the true existence of God. After everything he has been thru he wonders if there ever really was a God. He is in fact a victim not only of society, but also of himself. You can see the whole man versus himself as well as man versus society in this novel. We can see that he is depressed by the way that he looks to others. He cannot seemRead MoreMaternal Depression And Its Effects On Many Individuals1384 Words   |  6 Pagesabout the issues they may be having. They are also less likely to get the help that they need. Men who are found to suffer from this disorder it is also found in their wives. If a woman is showing signs and symptoms of having maternal depression the man should also be examined for the same disorder. Effects of Maternal Depression on Children How is the child affected by depression in a caregiver? According to the Attachment theory it is important for infants to develop a relationship with at leastRead MoreSomeone Who Has Influenced My Life1200 Words   |  5 Pagesgood influences and some are bad influences. Although, the one person who influenced my life most would have to be my father. My father sacrificed alot in his lifetime to make his childrens lives better. I adore my father he is a strong confident man and loves his family unconditionally. I have become the person I am today because of my father. My father was raised by his oldest brother. When my father was young his mother was sick and his father ran off. My fathers mother actually died in his

The American Dream - 1293 Words

The American Dream The meaning of the American Dream has changed over the course of history, and includes both personal components (such as home ownership and upward mobility) and a global vision. Historically the Dream originated in the mystique regarding frontier life. As the Royal Governor of Virginia noted in 1774, the Americans for ever imagine the Lands further off are still better than those upon which they are already settled. He added that, if they attained Paradise, they would move on if they heard of a better place farther west. The German emigrant comes into a country free from the despotism, privileged orders and monopolies, intolerable taxes, and constraints in matters of belief and conscience. Everyone can travel and†¦show more content†¦The book later shows that not everyone can achieve the American Dream, thus proving by contradiction it is not possible for all, although it is possible to achieve for a few. Americans need to take control of their country and have a great mind set. This American Dream act has had a great impact on my family. The Puritans came to America to escape religious persecution in Europe. The Puritans wanted religious freedom and the only place to get that at the time was America. The American Dream is about having freedom and even though the Puritans were not American they had a dream, which America helped to fulfill. The Industrial Revolution led to the shift of work being rural to work being urban as there is a greater need for workers in factories. The cities developed with large populations as people urbanized. People of great wealth were born which created a middle class. American s lifestyle and the American worker was changed forever. The Declaration of Independence forever changed the 13 colonies. The 13 colonies were now free from British control and later became America. The 13 colonies were now free and for the people their dream could now come true. The Declaration of independence gave the people great hope that their dream was coming true. Manifest Destiny is the belief that the United States was destined to expand across the continent. Many people believedShow MoreRelatedImmigrants And The American Dream1362 Words   |  6 PagesImmigrants and the American Dream In the article â€Å"The American Dream†, by James Truslow Adams in The Sundance Reader book, he stated that the American dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and highRead MoreThe American Dream By Kimberly Amadeo1637 Words   |  7 PagesNowadays, a large number of people migrate to the United States to work and achieve the American Dream. According to the Article â€Å"What is the American Dream?† by Kimberly Amadeo, â€Å"The American Dream was first publicly defined in 1931 by James Truslow Adams in Epic of America. Adam’s often-repeated quote is, ‘The American Dream is that dream of land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyon e, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.’† There are many peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The American Dream 754 Words   |  4 Pages Nyreel Powell Ms. Jones American Literature 1 June 2015 The American dream in A Raisin in the Sun Have you ever had a dream and it didn’t come how you wanted it to be? Have you ever had accomplishments that you wanted to achieve but people were getting in the way of them? The four main characters in this book all have good dreams but there are people in the way of getting to those dreams or their dream is too high to accomplish. A Raisin in the Sun a play written by Lorraine Hansberry, andRead MoreSister Carrie and the American Dream1618 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream is surely based on the concept of â€Å"Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness† but it is above all, a matter of ambition. James Truslow Adams, an American writer and historian, in 1931 states: life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement†, which not only points towards a better standard of living for Americans but also denounces a degree of greed in the US society. Ambition not only â€Å"killed the catâ₠¬  butRead MoreGrapes Of Wrath And The American Dream1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of the American Dream is ever changing depending on the person and the time of life that person is in. Although the main ideas of the American Dream remain the same to be educated, economically sound, healthy, to have a family, and equal rights. Many great films and works of literature were created to show case all the different ideas people have for their American Dream. The film â€Å"Grapes of Wrath† directed by John Ford and the poem â€Å"I Will Fight No More Forever† by Chief Joseph, both depictRead More Destruction of the American Dream Essay2145 Words   |  9 PagesDestruction of the American Dream I’ve talked about it in the past, the destruction of the American Dream. Always, there have been papers, writings, and thoughts that quantify a particular section of its ultimate demise, be it due to money, education, or sexuality. Maybe the destruction cannot be viewed as a singular event or cause. Perhaps instead it must be examined as a whole process, the decay and ultimate elimination of a dream. Self destruction, if you will†¦ Mr. Self Destruct Read MoreSuccess As One Of The American Dream1137 Words   |  5 PagesApril 2015 Success as One of The American Dream When we hear the word â€Å"success†, we often think of wealth and money. To some people, the embodiment of being success is earning a lot of money. In fact, the concept of success is primarily based on how much money a person earns. However, each person views the definition of success differently. One way to define success is something that has more to do with flash than it does with substance. John Wooden, an American basketball player and coach viewRead MoreJim Cullen And The American Dream2081 Words   |  9 Pages The American Dream, as defined by Cullen, is starting your goal off with a little and ending with more; it s like a business, you invest in it in order to gain more money. Usually, people will define the American Dream as being able to achieve your goal because everyone is offered opportunities. Cullen does acknowledge that people are born with different opportunities, so he talks about the good life. The good life describes different factors that determine your opportunities. Throughout the otherRead MoreFactors Influencing The American Dream1834 Words   |  8 Pagesindividual to succumb or to not succumb to the seductions of crime. These three factors are brilliantly portrayed in the television show, Breaking Bad and the novel, The Stick Up Kids. The American Dream is what many American citizens strive for. However, not all of those citizens are able to achieve the American Dream through a legal pathway. The reason an indivudal may not being able to do so is because of his or her background factors. It is important to note that background factors are a fractionRead MoreShark Tank And The American Dream1755 Words   |  8 PagesShark Tank and The American Dream The TV show Shark tank embodies everything the American dream represents. The show obtains successful Entrepreneurs ready to invest their own money into other Americans wanting to be just like them, reaching the American dream and become a successful entrepreneur. The show presents entrepreneurs working towards the goal of creating a business to not only gain wealth but also change the way we live today. The show is to keep the American dream alive and well while

Concepts of Misrepresentation-Free-Samples -Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: When an employee signs a contract, is the term unfair not to allow the employee to look for work? Answer: Introduction In Australia, the building law covers a range of legislations which have to be strictly followed by the parties on which such laws are applicable. For instance, the most basic law which is applicable is contract law, as any building, whether its purchase or construction, requires a contract to be drawn where the terms of the promise are covered. In case the same is not done, it could result in a breach of contract, and likewise, would attract the penalties for the breach of contract[1]. Due to the involvement of consumers in the building law, the Australian Consumer Law also becomes applicable on the builders, developers and their agents. There is also the involvement of work health and safety related provisions, based on the jurisdiction in which the work is being done. However, the present discussion is restricted to two key elements, i.e., misrepresentation and unfair contract terms, in the context of Australian Consumer Law[2]. Even though misrepresentation is a term covered unde r the contract law, there are provisions under the Australian Consumer Law which offer protection from such acts. In the following parts, an attempt has been made to highlight these two terms based on Australian Consumer Law and in the context of how these have an impact over the sale of land by the developers. Australian Consumer Law The provisions of Australian Consumer Law are covered under the Competition and Consumer Act, 2010[3] which is an act of the commonwealth and has been drawn for protecting the consumers and promoting competition. The provisions of Australian Consumer Law, i.e., ACL, are covered under Schedule 2 of this act[4]. This act replaced the Trade Practices Act, 1974[5] and became applicable from 01st January 2001. The manner in which the provisions of ACL apply on the developers, with regards to misrepresentation and unfair contract terms, have been explained herewith[6]. Misrepresentation Misrepresentation is a situation in which one person makes a false statement to another person, so that such second person enters in the contract. In order for a case of misrepresentation to be made, it has to be shown that the false statement was made to induce the other party into entering the contract[7]. In Holmes v Jones[8], the man who was selling his farm stated that a particular amount of cattle could be stored in the farm. Upon inquiry, the purchaser found this to be false and still bought it. As the reliance was not found to be on the misrepresentation, the damages were not awarded to the plaintiff. Further, it has to be a statement of fact and cannot be claimed for an opinion[9]. Under the ACL, misrepresentation is protected through section 18, which relates to the misleading or deceptive conduct. The general protections pertaining to this are covered under Part 2.1[10] and 2.2[11]. As per section 18 of the ACL, while being engaged in trade or commerce, the individuals should not indulge in any conduct which is likely to be misleading or deceptive or does actually mislead or deceive[12]. In the case of Mike Gaffikin Marine Pty Ltd v Princes Street Marina Pty Ltd[13], the false statements which were made during the negotiations were held to be misleading or deceptive conduct. This section provides the remedy in form of ancillary order for varying of the drawn contract. For the developers in the nation, they would be deemed to be indulged in misleading or deceptive conduct when they make false statements during the course of negotiations. Also, it is not necessary that such false statement has to be made while being in the physical presence of the seller. The statements made through the adverts placed in magazines or newspapers, the letters, and the emails, all would make them liable for the breach of section 18 of the ACL, if it contains a misrepresentation[14]. Such statements could relate to a factually wrong statement, which results in the creation of a false impression. Also, the non disclosure of crucial and substantial information to the buyer would also contribute towards a misleading or deceptive conduct, as non disclosure is also deemed false statement. In the similar manner, when crucial information is left out or concealed, or the client is deliberately not provided the updated data or a misunderstanding is willfully not correct, or even the making of inaccurate or false claims would result in the breach of provisions of section 18[15]. Another leading example is the photographic enhancement. The photographs of the property which are touched up for hiding the characteristics which are not desirable and where the features are enhanced could also mislead the consumers. So, the developers should refrain from modifying or allowing the modified photographs to represent the property when they do not present a fair representation. They should also refrain from changing the property appearance by digitally adding or removing certain features; though the adjustment of light to compensate for poor lighting would not be a breach of this section[16]. Price advertising is another thing which would be seen as the breach of the provisions of the ACL. An agent should refrain from misrepresenting the price of property that has been put up for sale or for lease. The prices which have been advertised have to be reasonable and fair and they need to reflect the current expectations and market value of the seller. If any amendments are made during the marketing campaign, it is likely to have an impact over the selling price and this has to be properly reflected in the prices which are advertised. Also, there is a need to refrain the quoting the price of the property which is less than the asking price of the seller, i.e., under quoting. Under quoting takes place when the price of the property is advertised for sale at a price which is less than the price which was asked by the vendor. This is because such prices mislead the consumers by portraying an inaccurate appraisal of the propertys market price. Another point which has to be kept in mind is the price range which is quoted or is advertised. The lowest amount in the price range should not be less than the selling price of the vendor[17]. A very crucial element which would be deemed as misrepresentation and which would lead to a breach of section 18 of the ACL is the representation made regarding the characteristics of land. There is a need to acknowledge the restrictions regarding the permitted use of buildings or land, which can affect the property. Some of the issues included in this are the easements, planning requirements and restrictive covenants. The representations regarding the land characteristic include the previous use of land, the suitability for residential development, the ability to be subdivided, and state of repair and physical condition of the land[18]. Juniper Property Holdings No 15 P/L v Caltabiano (No 2)[19] was a case where the developer had started the marketing of units, back in 2006, at the Surfers Paradise in the Soul development. An off the plan contract was entered into by the developer for contracting to sell the penthouse apartment at the decided price of $16.85 Million. The development was finished in 2012 and the buyer was called on for settling. The buyer applied for extension in the settlement by two years and the developer agreed to it after applying penalty interest. The receivers and managers were appointed later in 2012 for the undertaking, rights and property of the developer. The buyer did not take part in the settlement and the contract was terminated for the breach on part of the buyer. And the developer bought an action in the Supreme Court of Queensland. The counterclaim of the buyer on this was on grounds of misleading and deceptive conduct[20]. The buyer had to show that the conduct was he suffered a loss after relying on the misleading or deceptive conduct of the developer. Though, the buyer failed in proving this, which led to his counterclaims being rejected by the court. Further, the breach of contract was found on the buyers part which led to an order where he was asked to pay $1.4 million, along with the interest, to the buyer, in addition to the legal costs of the developer. Such cases show that the provisions of ACL not only offer protection to the buyers, but also to the developers, where a wrong claim for misleading or deceptive conduct is made by the buyer[21]. Unfair Contract Terms As has been stated in the introductory segment of this discussion, the building law is such a field where a number of contracts have to be drawn. And in this regard, it becomes very crucial that such contract does not contain an unfair contract terms. The ACL regulates the standard form of consumer contracts in the matter of unfair terms. The provisions contained in the ACL have a major impact over the property developers[22]. In case a contract contains an unfair term in the standard form contract, it is considered as void and makes the contract unenforceable owing to ACLs applicability. The unfair term provisions covered under the ACL apply to the consumer contracts and standard form contracts when an unfair term is contained in these contracts. The grant or sale of interest which is held in land is included under the consumer contracts, where the individual makes use of these for domestic, personal or household purposes. Hence, the definition not only covers the sale, but also goe s beyond it and covers the developers powers and privileges, regarding the particular land[23]. The contracts which are made by the developer are considered as being unfair when a major imbalance is caused in the rights and duties of the parties, or in such cases where the legitimate interest of the developer is not protected in a key way, and also where such occurrence would be disadvantageous for the buyer due to the faith they have put in the developer. When the contract of sale is created or drafted by the developer, different clauses are inserted which favor the developer and through which, the developers are given flexibility in different matters, but which mostly relate to the project competition related issues. However, the provisions under the ACL would be deemed to be violated only when it can be shown that an imbalance was caused in the position of the buyer, due to the insertion of such clause by the developer. To evaluate the presence or absence of such imbalance, different factors are considered, which include the standard industry practice with regards to the com petition time of a project, the warranties offered, and the discretionary items[24]. When a decision is required to be made for a specific item being important for protecting the interest of the developer in a legitimate manner, the developers are required to put forward the evidence for the market where they have their business operations, the requirement of a particular level of flexibility in hands of the developers, the financier imposed economic factors, regulations which the planning schemes and the councils impose, and the necessary evidence regarding the market in which they operate. It becomes the duty of the developers to make certain that the proper discretion required to deliver the end product to the consumer is covered under the contract, and not such provisions are included which provide unwarranted freedom, which would lead to the provisions been deemed as unfair as per ACL[25]. Along with considering the detrimental position in which the purchaser can be placed, there is also to consider the disadvantageous position in which the purchaser is placed, especially when it comes to the matter of entirety of contract and the transparency in the same. The various terms which can be taken as unfair have been properly explained under the ACL. Some of these terms have been stated below: Avoiding the performance of contract or limiting it knowingly; Putting changes in the contractual terms; Imposing limitations on the evidence which can be presented by the purchaser; Placing evidentiary burden on the contract proceedings on the purchaser; Modifying the price to be paid without the purchaser been given the opportunity to bring the contract to an end; Making changes in the interest of land; Making changes in the characteristics of land; Modifying the contract whereby the land can be sold off unilaterally; The contract been assigned in a way which is detrimental for the purchaser where the consent is not taken of the purchaser; Unilaterally determining if the contract has been contravened or if it is interpreted unilaterally Limiting the vicarious liability of the developers agent; If limitations are imposed on the purchaser right to sue the developer; Imposing penalties for terminating the contract on the purchaser; and Terminating the contract without proper cause[26]. For a contract to be deemed as unfair for making it unenforceable under the law, the situation which was present at the time of making the law and the circumstances which led to the unfairness have to be considered. The term would not be unfair when the main issue of the contract is covered under it, and the same has been expressly allowed through the law of state, territory or the commonwealth, and also contains the upfront prices to be paid pursuant to the contract. Even if a term is unfair, the attempt is first made to severe the term, as the severance clauses are usually covered in such contracts. Though, if the unfair term holds such significance, that it cannot be severed, the contract in its entirety becomes unenforceable, and so void[27]. For a successful claim to be made for such unfair terms there is a need to show that a major imbalance was caused and that reliance on it would be detrimental. The key issue is to establish that a major imbalance had actually taken place. The factors which would be taken into consideration for this purpose include the clarity of terms, the term being clearly written and the like. In ACCC v Chrisco Hampers Australia Ltd[28], the court held that the terms used by the defendant were false and misleading representation for the consumers due to the reason that they were not stated clearly. Further, a reasonable person would not have been able to understand such terms because if the consumer had actually understood the result of such terms, then by being a prudent person, they would not have signed the contract. So, property developers have to be careful that such terms are not included in the standard contract which cannot be interpreted clearly. A crucial requirement for a claim to stand for unfair contract terms is to show that if the term is relied upon, it would prove to be disadvantageous for the party relying upon the same. This detriment can be of delay, distress or financial detriment. This can be further clarified from the case of Wakefield Trucks(P) Pty Ltd v Lach Transport Pty Ltd [29]. In this case, the defendant was sold a vehicle by the plaintiff and the plaintiff made certain representations regarding the vehicle during the negotiations pertaining to the fuel consumption, which was less than the real consumption of the fuel. As the defendant had relied upon this statement, the court held that the defendant was entitled to get all of the resulting losses which flowed from this reliance. Along with this, the recovery of interest which was incurred, regarding the extra fuel cost was also permitted by the court. Some other factors which need to be considered for successfully claiming against the developer includes the setting under the ACL, as the social, family or domestic setting cannot give rise to a legal binding contract, as was held in the matter of Balfour v Balfour[30]. The developers have the intention of selling the land and obtaining maximum monetary benefit out of it. An unfair term, under the ACL, would be to allow a single party to terminate the contract. Further, an offer once accepted by the buyer, cannot be withdrawn by the developer as was held in the matter of Souter v Shyamba Pty Ltd 2002[31]. Lastly, to consider the unfairness of a contract term, the whole of the contract has to be taken into consideration, and not a small statement, which can be interpreted in different manner, as was held in the case of Hussey v Horne-Payne[32]. Hence, for the claims to be made against the developers there is a need to fulfill these basic requirements on part of the buyer. Conclusion The discussion carried above highlights the manner in which the concepts of misrepresentation and unfair contract terms are applied under the ACL on the developers when it comes to the sale of land to a prospective buyer. Misrepresentation is a concept under the contract law and is applied through section 18 of the ACL on the developers. Based on this section, the developers are to refrain from indulging in such a conduct which can be considered as misleading or deceptive conduct. This can be done in different ways, as has been stated above, for instance, advertised price being wrong or the photograph of the property being digitally enhanced. The case of Juniper Property Holdings No 15 P/L v Caltabiano (No 2) made it very clear that the provisions of ACL are not just meant to protect the consumers, but the developers as well. The discussion then moved on to the unfair contract terms, which can make the contract void based on the provisions of ACL. And when a case of unfair contract t erm is found, the attempt is made to severe the term where possible, and when the same is not possible, the contract becomes unenforceable as it. References Tom Davie, Tony Earls, and Jeremy Coggins, Understanding Construction Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2016) Ian H. Bailey and Matthew Bell, Construction Law in Australia (Thomson Reuters Australia, Limited, 3rd ed, 2011) Competition and Consumer Act, 2010 (Cth) Competition and Consumer Act 2010, sch 2 Trade Practices Act, 1974 (Cth) Stephen G. Corones, The Australian Consumer Law (Lawbook Company, 2nd ed, 2012) Neil Andrews, Contract Law (Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed, 2015) (1907) 4 CLR 1692 John W. Carter, Elisabeth Peden and Greg Tolhurst, Contract Law in Australia (LexisNexis Butterworths, 5th ed, 2007) Australian Consumer Law, pt 2.1 Australian Consumer Law, pt 2.2 Australian Consumer Law, s18 17 ACSR 495 Dilan Thampapillai, Vivi Tan and Claudio Bozzi, Australian Commercial Law (Cambridge University Press, 2015) Department of Commerce WA, Australian Consumer Law (2013) https://www.commerce.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/atoms/files/aclagentsmanual2013_0.pdf News Media Works, Misleading and Deceptive Conduct in Real Estate (2017) https://www.newsmediaworks.com.au/misleading-and-deceptive-conduct-in-real-estate/ Ibid At 15 [2016] QSC 5 Supreme Court of Queensland, Juniper Property Holdings No 15 P/L v Caltabiano (No 2) [2016] QSC 5 (2016) https://archive.sclqld.org.au/qjudgment/2016/QSC16-005.pdf Tom Davie, Tony Earls and Jeremy Coggins, Understanding Construction Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2016) Justin Lethlean, Joanne Daniels, Murray Deakin and Travis Payne, Australia: How The New Australian Consumer Law Will Affect Property Developers (11 May 2010) https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/100132/How+The+New+Australian+Consumer+Law+Will+Affect+Property+Developers Julian Bailey, Construction Law (CRC Press, 2014) Justin Lethlean, Joanne Daniels, Murray Deakin and Travis Payne, Australia: How The New Australian Consumer Law Will Affect Property Developers (11 May 2010) https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/100132/How+The+New+Australian+Consumer+Law+Will+Affect+Property+Developers Ibid Ibid [2015] FCA 1204 (2001) 79 SASR 517 (2002) 11 BPR 20,369 [1879] 4 App Cas 311

Diary Of Anne Frank Essays (785 words) - Anne Frank,

Diary Of Anne Frank Journeying back to the early nineteenth century, when Nazi forces occupied Germany during World War II, the lives of those living in this territory was spent in constant fear and anxiety. The Diary of Anne Frank leads readers through the harsh times of a family trying to escape imprisonment in concentration camps by Nazi soldiers, where death was almost certain. Born on June 12, 1929, Anne Frank was a German-Jewish teenager who was forced to go into hiding during the Holocaust. She and her family, along with four others, spent 25 months during World War II in an annex of rooms above her father's office in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. During the two years in hiding which Anne refers to as "a time when the ideals are being shattered and destroyed, when the worst side of human nature predominates, when every one has come to doubt truth, justice and God (pg.327)." Anne kept a diary that was given to her by her father, Otto Frank, on her birthday. Between June 1942 and August 1944, from Anne's thirteenth birthday until shortly after her fifteenth birthday, Anne recorded her feelings, her emotions, and her thoughts, as well as the events that happened to her. "...[I]deas, dreams, and cherished hopes rise within us only to meet the horrible truth and be shattered...yet in spite of everything I still believe that people are really good at heart (pg. 327)." The diary is an accurate record of the way Anne grows up and matures, in the unfortunate situation she found herself. Given the circumstances in which the novel is written Anne gave a very vivid description of her surroundings and the feelings she encountered throughout her ordeal. The novel displays the grief and frustration that is experienced throughout the time spent in hiding. The emotions of the situation are captured in the text and gives validity to the pain and frustration encountered. Despite the amusing and enlightening side of the diary, that documents the process of her adolescence, it also provides a vividly terrifying description of what it was like to be Jewish hiding during the time the Nazis sought to kill all the Jews in Europe. After two years of living in the "secret annex", behind a bookcase, and having to be extremely quite during the day so that the workers in the office and warehouse below could not hear them the family was captured. The betrayal of Anne and her family to the Nazis and their placement under arrest lead to their deportation to concentration camps. In an entry on August 1, 1944, Anne confides to her diary an analysis of her situation. She concludes that her behavior has been a front during her years in hiding to help her cope with the people surrounding her. Nine months after her arrest, Anne wrote that "...if only there were no other people in the world (pg.331)." The writings give Anne's thought wishful pretense that if no one else were in the world, that the pain and suffering would end. Anne gives readers a sense of truth and honesty about her situation that allows the reader to experience her life as a stubborn, touchingly vulnerable teenager who one minute is in love with the world and the next detached. This book is an extraordinary piece of work written by a young woman finding her way in captivity. Anne was an immensely gifted writer and a person of great sensitivity. She shows her depth through emotions as well as by absolving the feeling of others and communicating them through writing. Anne's true personality is brought to life on every page and allows the reader to feel as though they actually know her. Whether enthralled in the heights of ecstasy over her budding fascination with Peter Van Dann, another teen hiding in the "annex", or drowning in the depths of despair over her life in hiding, Anne would always confide her private thoughts and interest in her diary. Anne's vivid writing allows the reader to experience second hand what it was like to be a teenage Jewish girl confined to an inside world with little resources except necessities to survive. The detail in which her story is told gives light to the talents and emotions a young mind experienced as she deals with traumatic situations. For its insights into the life of a German-Jewish child living in Germany during Nazi occupation, The Diary of Anne Franks, offers a vivid, realistic view of how a family tries to escape Nazi concentration camps. Anne's ability

How do the poems Havisham, The Sisters and Porphyrias Lover present the theme of madness Essays

How do the poems Havisham, The Sisters and Porphyrias Lover present the theme of madness Essays How do the poems Havisham, The Sisters and Porphyrias Lover present the theme of madness Paper How do the poems Havisham, The Sisters and Porphyrias Lover present the theme of madness Paper Essay Topic: Carol ann Duffy Poems Poetry Havisham by Carol Anne Duffy, The Sisters by Alfred Lord Tennyson and Porphyrias Lover by Robert Browning, are all studies of madness. Within each poem the main theme is presented in different ways such as using dramatic monologue, free verse and satire. Through examining poetic techniques and devices closely, I will identify the ways in which madness is portrayed in these poems. Carol Anne Duffys Havisham, published in the late 20th century, is based on the novel Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. In the book, the character Havisham is percieved as a mentally strong person, who would never want to show any type of weakness. However, Duffy takes a satirical approach towards Havishams character. She twists Havisham and makes her reveal the weakness and anger in her heart that breaks, I stabbed. Havisham is shown to be mad and obsessed with her tragic past not a day since then I havent wished him dead as her life seems to have stopped at the time she was jilted on her wedding day the dress yellowing. She has never stepped outside her house since, which also stopped in time like the rest of the things in her life, I stabbed at a wedding cake. Everything is in the same place as it was at twenty to nine, the time Havisham was jilted. This reveals her insanity as she who would choose to live like that for so many years? Havisham is a completely obsessive character, who is determined not to let go of her past and keeps going over it again and again ropes on the back of my hands. She despises herself spinster and sees herself as a skeleton slewed mirror, all distorted. The poem is written as a dramatic monologue which shows that Havisham wants everyone to believe she is a strong character, but actually has no idea what she is revealing b-b-b-breaks. This would make confirm anyones beliefs that she is mad, as anyone who can talk about how much they feel shattered and live like its the end of the world, and still think people believe she is strong have completely lost their mind. She feels completely trapped and is nervous wreck. Havisham shows madness in many ways, firstly by the use of tautology which creates a rambling effect full length, her, myself, who did this to me. The pace picks up at these points, which reinforces the rambling. Rambling is a good technique to use as anyone normal would not be shown to waffle whilst talking. There is also the use of oxymorons beloved sweetheart bastard, loves hate which shows madness in the sense that she is confused. She cant seem to let go of her ex-fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ but also blames him for the state that she is in. Shes completely lost. Havisham is also shown to talk to herself all throughout the poem who did this to me?, cowing nooooo at the wall. This shows her madness even more as this is a stereotypical habit we believe mad people have. There are a number of additional themes used apart from obsession such as revenge. The use of colour green and give me a male corpse shows Havisham wants her ex-fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ to feel exactly what she does, and also over a long period of time. Sex is also another theme used. In the time Havisham was set, for women, marriage did not just mean falling in love. It also meant turning into a woman by having sex. This is why Havisham almost spits out the word spinster and often imagines what it would be like to have sex, my fluent tongue in its mouth. However, she always suddenly wakes up bite awake. Love is presented by the use of the colour red and the word love. This shows that although she hates her ex-fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and never names him its ear, its mouth, she does feel passionate towards him. This is also shown by the use of the antithesis loves hate. She doesnt want to love him and hates him for jilting her. This again reinforces the fact that Havisham is mad, as who would still love someone that jilted them? Another style used by Carol Anne Duffy, apart from dramatic monologue, is by writing the poem in first person I havent. This is a very effective technique to use as the reader gets to witness Havishams madness for themselves, instead of hearing it through someone elses point of view. It helps the reader see exactly where Havisham reveals her madness and obsession I stabbed at a wedding cake, I stink and remember. Duffy uses colour effectively as a metaphor for Havishams feelings. Dark green is used to describe her eyes, but also to show her jealousy and her thirst for revenge. Puce curses describe the coldness of being alone and the pain she suffers. After using these colours, the tone changes and turns to pure white veil. This represents Havishams innocence and the fact that she feels an incomplete woman. Red balloon bursting is used to show all her feelings of love and hatred are swelling inside her heart, until it becomes too much to handle and she breaks down. The verse and sentence structure in the poem helps the reader find out more about the character of Havisham. The poems structure is set so it looks organised which, at a first glance, wouldnt make the reader believe Havisham is mad. However the use of enjambment who did this to me reveal that she is actually rambling, showing confusion and madness. This makes Havisham seem even more manic as she truly believes she appears normal. The sentence structure also helps disclose the real Havisham. Duffy uses short sentences spinster. I stink and remember, again to emphasize the waffling. All this adds up to create the madness in Havisham. The tone isnt the same throughout the whole of Havisham. It starts off showing her anger and bitterness I could strangle, but slowly turns a bit emotional where Havisham reveals how she reacted to her depressing past cawing nooooo, trembling. At this point, the readers feel sorry for her as she is showing hatred towards herself. The tone in the next verse shows passion and Havishams lustful fantasies lost body over me, of what could have happened on her wedding night. However, the last verse is where Havishams anger grows and grows I stabbed at wedding cake, give me a male corpse until finally she lets go b-b-b-breaks and both her mind and life brake down. Using all these devices and techniques, such as satire, colour and adding additional themes, Duffy presents Havishams madness very effectively and successfully. Class was considered very important to the Victorians, and this is shown in Tennysons The Sisters, which was published in 1881. Around this era, people were completely obsessed with madness; a trip to the local mad house would be considered normal and a typical family day out. The Sisters is a poem that uses the themes of jealousy, necrophilia and murder to help tell its story. Its a story of two daughters, one of which falls pregnant, she fell. This would be seen as shameful, blood with shame, as celibacy was expected in the time the sisters was written. After not being able to handle the burden of mixing her ancient blood with shame, the sister commits suicide, she died. The main theme is introduced early in the poem therefore revenge became me well. The second Sister takes it upon her to have revenge for the horrific state her sister ended up in, she went to burning flame, because of the earl. I also believe the Sister believed she also had another reason for revenge; the fact that the earl chose her sister over her made the Sister angry. Her jealousy, she was the fairest in the face, has made her even more determined for revenge. The sister gives herself time whole weeks and months to make her plan to win his love work. This shows the Sisters amount of obsession, and also as it is written in first person narrative it shows that she is completely aware of what she is doing, showing her insanity. The Sister becomes successful I won his love, I brought him home, and after bringing the earl into false impression that he is safe I kissd his eyelids into rest, his ruddy cheek upon my breast, she gets her revenge three times I stabbd him thro and thro. I believe that the Sisters character is the most sinister out of all that I will write about. This is due to the fact that she is completely aware of what she is revealing, and Tennyson has shown this by not having the poem written using dramatic monologue, whereas Havisham is completely different and truly believes that she appears to be a normal person. The Sister is shown to be proud of what she has done laid him at his mothers feet, showing her madness, as who would be so proud of killing someone that they reveal it was them? The Sisters charter appears cruel and cold-blooded as lying a dead son at their mothers feet is going too far. The Sisters has a structured verses throughout the poem, which shows the Sister is very controlling, therefore has planned and knows exactly what shes doing. This again reveals the Sisters madness, because she is willing to do anything to reach her goal without any regret. The Sister reveals her madness in a variety of ways, but her insanity isnt that she has completely lost her mind, like Havisham, but the fact that she has evil characteristics ad thoughts. Even though she has always had feelings for the earl I loved his beauty passing well, she still wants him dead. However, before this line, the Sister reveals that she hated him with the hate of hell. This antithesis shows her confusion as although she loves him, on the other hand she hates him. This also shows how daunting the sister appears to be, as who would plan on killing someone they like, without any second thoughts or regrets? Although she has just committed a murder, the sister has no remorse for her actions, I curld and combd his comely head. There is a big element of strong imagery here, with the use of alliteration, which places a disturbing picture of necrophilia in the readers mind. This action, of the Sisters, alone would make anyone believe that she is mad, as she is actually attracted to a dead body. She finds her revenge erotic and as she is comfortable around the dead earl, she reveals her satisfaction. Power, one of the additional themes used in the poem, is used many times throughout the Sisters. The Sister is in power, or control, all throughout her revenge plan, which is firstly shown by the structured verses Tennyson has used. It also gives the impression to the reader that the Sister has planned every step of her revenge extremely carefully and thoughtfully. Also the simple rhyming pattern AABB, adds the control element to the poem, and again reinforces the insanity of the Sister, as the speakers control again shows tat she is aware of her actions, which, again, is quite daunting. The sister reveals her obsession all throughout the poem, as her careful planning and biding of time is proof. This is similar to Havishams obsession as she also wanted to get revenge for what she had to go through. In the alliteration I hated him with the hate of hell, its like the Sister almost spits out the words, whilst also creating alliteration and sound, and reinforces her obsession and madness to complete her well-planned revenge, whole weeks and months, I lay in wait. The most important theme, to which Tennysons poem is based around, as well as madness, is revenge. Introduced early, therefore revenge became me well, it is the main way the Sisters madness is revealed. She is determined to get her revenge, even if she has to wait a long time, whole weeks and months, and early and late. The sinister element here is that although the Sister still has feelings for the earl, o, the earl was fair to see, she still wants revenge for something that happened along time ago. This is similar to the situation in Havisham as although she is still loved her ex-fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, she still wanted him to feel pain. This shows a great deal of madness in both women, as how can you want to someone so badly, even after so long, and still truly say you love them? The tone is shown very cleverly and effectively all throughout the poem, by the use of the repeated refrain The wind is because the forth word changes as the Sisters plan progresses. It starts of blowing which is used as a metaphor to show her anger where she is talking about her Sister being prettier than her. However, the transition of the active verb changes to howling and eventually raving as she kills the earl. However after she calms down and realises her plan was successful, the wind goes back to blowing. I believe this last repeated refrain shows the most of her insanity, because she has just committed a murder and instead of panicking or regretting it, she actually becomes satisfied with what she has done. Tennysons tactful techniques and use of different themes all adds up eventually to show the Sisters sinister insanity, which at a first glance at the poem, is invisible. Power struggle based Porphyrias Lover, reflects the time it was written in. Browning uses status, sex and murder as his main themes to help represent the insanity of the Lover. Porphyria, an upper class Victorian woman, laid her soiled gloves, is shown to see a mentally disabled man for sex, even though she is married. However, the Lover doesnt realise he is being used, but truly believes Porphyria loves him, Porphyria worshipped me, and believes she wants to be with him forever, and give herself to me forever. As affairs were frowned upon, he believes there is only one way he can help his worshipper reach her goal, her hearts endeavor and thats by killing her. However also, if this doesnt show enough madness, he actually thinks she wants to be killed, no pain she felt, and so murders her. Out of Havisham, The Sisters and Porphyrias Lover, I believe, that the lover is the most stereotypical type of what we would consider a mad person to be like, as firstly he lives in a mental home. Also by using enjambment, Browning reveals the madness of the Lover, as he waffles on without any breaks. At a first glance at the verse structure in this poem shows clearly the insanity of the Lover, however in The Sisters the structure reveals no madness at all. The Lover also appears to me to be quite an arrogant character as he thinks he means the world to Porphyria Porphyria worshipped me, which is surprising because the only time she comes to see him is when she wants to have sex, and I can tell this as she wastes no time in seducing him made her smooth white shoulder bare. He even believes he is equal to God, God has not even said a word!, and, even though he has just murdered Porphyria, he thinks even God can not argue with him, as he cant possibly do anything wrong. This sort of behaviour would make anyone believe the Lover is mad, as who on earth would believe God thinks its ok to kill someone? Anyone who argues with themselves would be considered completely crazy, and thats exactly what the Lover does I debated what to do. He tried to decide on how to kill Porphyria, and after he commits this crime, he truly believes in his mind that he and Porphyria had come to this conclusion together I am quite sure she felt no pain. This insanity continues to the end of the poem, where he thinks that now both him and dead Porphyria are happy now, as her wish to be with him forever has come true, and also thinks that she is as good as alive. Like Havisham, Porphyrias Lover is also written using dramatic monologue, as when the Lover says things such as she guesses not how her darling one wish would be heard, and believes he is the greatest lover who gave her a dream gift, he doesnt realise even more. Anyone would have to be completely insane to actually think killing someone is giving them a perfect gift. Also, they would to be even madder to believe they are still alive, as the Lover does about Porphyria the smiling rosy little head. This just proves the lovers insanity. Power struggle is used by Browning all throughout Porphyrias Lover, starting with Porphyria in control. She makes him wait for her and, last, she sat down by my side and talks to him and called me. Revealing his madness again, the Lover hears her but doesnt utter a word of reply no voice replied. Still in charge, Porphyria begins to dominate him she put my arm about her waist and the lover doesnt even try and stop her and take control, as he knows what is going on, but his insanity stops it from sinking in. however, Porphyria begins to seduce him, all her yellow hair displaced, the power changes murmuring how she loved me. He begins to believe he is her weakness and almost pities her she to weak, and that she belongs to him that moment she was mine, mine. This repetition enforces how he feels, and it is almost a childish thing to say. His power grows even more after he murders Porphyria because now he begins to seduce her blushes bright beneath my burning kiss, I propped her head up as before only, this time my shoulder bore, instead of the other way round like it was at the beginning of the poem. Also here, necrophilia is introduced using strong imagery as a shut bud that holds a bee. This is similar to the two other poems as Havisham, the Sister and the Lover find dead bodys erotic, and anyone who gets turned on by the thought of manipulating a dead body is clearly mad. The poem has a negative start, by the use of Brownings language, using words such as sullen, tore;, spite, worst, vex and break. According to the Lover, life without Porphyria is dull. However, the tone changes as well as the Lovers mood when Porphyria arrives, blazeup, war and the use of the metaphor cheerless grate. As well as warming up the rooms by lighting a fire, she also warms the Lovers mood up by her presence. By the use of all these and other clever techniques, especially enjambment, Browning has successfully achieved revealing the Lovers madness. The main theme of madness is presented in a variety of ways in all three poems that I have studied. The effective method consists of the use of enjambment, dramatic monologue and the effects of different style verse structures. Enjambment and dramatic monologue, used by Browning and Duffy, are, I believe, the most successful techniques to use when showing madness, as the enjambment creates the waffling effect considered to be a characteristic in a mad person and the effect of dramatic monologue is another characteristic believed to be found in someone who are mentally disabled, as they tend to not realise how they appear to others. In all three poems Havisham, The Sisters and Porphyrias Lover, the verse structures all have a different style; Havisham is set out with paragraphs but the lines to do not end with proper punctuations, The Sisters is set out so no reader would actually believe the poem would be about a mad women at a first glance, however, Porphyrias Lover uses big enjambment and it is clear that the poem was not going to be about some one normal. Using a few similar techniques and a few different to some extent, all three poems, in their own ways, portray madness, especially using the time that they were written in, which, I believe, was a big influence to their writing. Overall, I believe that all three poets should be congratulated on their poems as they show madness very effectively and successfully, using a number of techniques.

Normative philosophy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Normative philosophy - Assignment Example This paper will argue that morality can be based on character of an individual, outcomes comes of the actions or the duty. The first ethical theory that should be engaged in the analysis is referred to as Virtue ethics. As one can easily see, the very name of it suggests that the focus of this approach will be on the idea of virtue – the ideal balance between excess and deficiency of a particular trait of character. In other words, this ethical theory draws a strong connection between the idea of morality and the character of a particular person. This is quite important since it holds several significant implications for the evaluation of the actions. For example, the action which is largely considered to be an immoral one, such as lying, might be justified by the approach of Virtue ethics as it will argue that the characteristics of a person turn this action into a good one and he or she does not behave immoral. Indeed, as one can easily see on this example, this ethical theory is mostly concerned with the stable category of being rather than concrete outcomes of the actions. In other words, the morality is considered to be an irreplaceable attribute of a virtuous person while others who were not able to develop any virtues and live in sin behave immorally. It is obvious that this approach has its proponents and opponents and is regarded to be a rather debatable one as it does not give a universal approach to every situation in life. The next ethical theory which should be discussed with regard to the notion of morality is called Deontological ethics. The name of this approach comes from a Greek word which means â€Å"duty†. That is why it would not be a mistake to point out that just like the previous theory was focused on the virtue of the character of a person, this one is focused on the duty. Contrary to Virtue ethics, the Deontological approach is able to prove a person with an easy to use as well as simple to

Definition Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Definition Argument - Essay Example It must also have its particular genres, its set of specialized terminology and vocabulary, and a high level of expertise in its particular area. Fans of popular celebrities such as musicians, movie stars, and politicians are examples of discourse communities. Angelina Jolie has many fans that form a discourse community. As such, the fans exhibit the aforementioned features, and hence they qualify to be categorized as a discourse community. Jolie is an American actress, filmmaker, and humanitarian. She has starred in movies that include Looking’ to Get Out, Cyborg 2, Hackers, George Wallace, Maleficent, Unbroken, Mr. & Mrs. Smith, Wanted, and Salt. She has directed and produced dramas that include In the Land and Honey and Unbroken. She is also a humanitarian and promotes causes that include conservation, education, women’s right, and is a special envoy for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). A discourse community has a common goal. Swales states that a discourse community â€Å"an agreed upon set of common objectives† (471). The Jolie fan community meets Swales’ characteristic of a common goal in a discourse community. Personal motivations among the members may differ, but they acknowledge a common, well-known goal. They may have different interests in the same community, but they must align their interests with the common goal of the discourse community to feel part of the group (Garzone & Sarangi 312). The goals of fans of Angelina Jolie are to see her succeed in her acting career. It is also to stay updated on what Angelina Jolie does. For members to remain up-to-date with the activities carried out by Jolie, they participate and remain in touch with each other to obtain first-hand information. Jolie fan community looks up to Jolie for influence in body image, beauty, and fashion. A video uploaded in YouTube, â€Å"Angelina Jolie Makeup Tutorial† , shows how to put a Jolie style of makeup. The video shows that members

Most Opposition to Abortion Relies Essay Example for Free

Most Opposition to Abortion Relies Essay A Defense of Abortion Author(s): Judith Jarvis Thomson Source: Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Autumn, 1971), pp. 47-66 Published by: Blackwell Publishing Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/2265091 Accessed: 10/01/2010 00:54 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www. jstor. org/page/info/about/policies/terms. jsp. JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www. jstor. org/action/showPublisher? publisherCode=black. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [emailprotected] org. Blackwell Publishing is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Philosophy and Public Affairs. http://www. jstor. org JUDITH JARVISTHOMSON A Defense of Abortion Most opposition to abortion relies on the premise that the fetus is a human being, a person, from the moment of conception. The premise is argued for, but, as I think, not well. Take, for example, the most common argument. We are asked to notice that the development of a human being from conception through birth into childhood is continuous; then it is said that to draw a line, to choose a point in this development and say before this point the thing is not a person, after this point it is a person is to make an arbitrary choice, a choice for which in the nature of things no good reason can be given. It is concluded that the fetus is, or anyway that we had better say it is, a person from the moment of conception. But this conclusion does not follow. Similar things might be said about the development of an acorn into an oak tree, and it does not follow that acorns are oak trees, or that we had better say they are. Arguments of this form are sometimes called slippery slope arguments-the phrase is perhaps self-explanatory-and it is dismaying that opponents of abortion rely on them so heavily and uncritically. I am inclined to agree, however, that the prospects for drawing a line in the development of the fetus look dim. I am inclined to think also that we shall probably have to agree that the fetus has already become a human person well before birth. Indeed, it comes as a surprise when one first learns how early in its life it begins to acquire human characteristics. By the tenth week, for example, it already has i. I am very much indebted to James Thomson for discussion, criticism, and many helpful suggestions. 48 Philosophy ; Public Affairs a face, arms and legs, fingers and toes; it has internal organs, and brain activity is detectable. 2 On the other hand, I think that the premise is false, that the fetus is not a person from the moment of conception. A newly fertilized ovum, a newly implanted clump of cells, is no more a person than an acorn is an oak tree. But I shall not discuss any of this. For it seems to me to be of great interest to ask what happens if, for the sake of argument, we allow the premise. How, precisely, are we supposed to get from there to the conclusion that abortion is morally impermissible? Opponents of abortion commonly spend most of their time establishing that the fetus is a person, and hardly any time explaining the step from there to the impermissibility of abortion. Perhaps they think the step too simple and obvious to require much comment. Or perhaps instead they are simply being economical in argument. Many of those who defend abortion rely on the premise that the fetus is not a person, but only a bit of tissue that will become a person at birth; and why pay out more arguments than you have to? Whatever the explanation, I suggest that the step they take is neither easy nor obvious, that it calls for closer examination than it is commonly given, and that when we do give it this closer examination we shall feel inclined to reject it. I propose, then, that we grant that the fetus is a person. from the moment of conception. How does the argument go from here? Something like this, I take it. Every person has a right to life. So the fetus has a right to life. No doubt the mother has a right to decide what shall happen in and to her body; everyone would grant that. But surely a persons right to life is stronger and more stringent than the mothers right to decide what happens in and to her body, and so outweighs it. So the fetus may not be killed; an abortion may not be performed. It sounds plausible. But now let me ask you to imagine this. You wake up in the morning and find yourself back to back in bed with an unconscious violinist. A famous unconscious violinist. He has been found to have a fatal kidney ailment, and the Society of Music Lovers 2. Daniel Callahan, Abortion: Law, Choice and Morality (New York, 1970), p. 373. This book gives a fascinating survey of the available information on abortion. The Jewish tradition is surveyed in David M. Feldman, Birth Control in Jewish Law (New York, i968), Part 5, the Catholic tradition in John T. Noonan, Jr. , An Almost Absolute Value in History, in The Morality of Abortion, ed. John T. Noonan, Jr. (Cambridge, Mass. , 1970). 49 A Defense of Abortion has canvassed all the available medical records and found that you alone have the right blood type to help. They have therefore kidnapped you, and last night the violinists circulatory system was plugged into yours, so that your kidneys can be used to extract poisons from his blood as well as your own. The director of the hospital now tells you, Look, were sorry the Society of Music Lovers did this to you-we would never have permitted it if we had known. But still, they did it, and the violinist now is plugged into you. To unplug you would be to kill him. But never mind, its only for nine months. By then he will have recovered from his ailment, and can safely be unplugged from you. Is it morally incumbent on you to accede to this situation? No doubt it would be very nice of you if you did, a great kindness. But do you have to accede to it? What if it were not nine months, but nine years? Or longer still? What if the director of the hospital says, Tough luck, I agree, but youve now got to stay in bed, with the violinist plugged into you, for the rest of your life. Because remember this. All persons have a right to life, and violinists are persons. Granted you have a right to decide what happens in and to your body, but a persons right to life outweighs your right to decide what happens in and to your body. So you cannot ever be unplugged from him. I imagine you would regard this as outrageous, which suggests that something really is wrong with that plausible-sounding argument I mentioned a moment ago. In this case, of course, you were kidnapped; you didnt volunteer for the operation that plugged the violinist into your kidneys. Can those who oppose abortion on the ground I mentioned make an exception for a pregnancy due to rape? Certainly. They can say that persons have a right to life only if they didnt come into existence because of rape; or they can say that all persons have a right to life, but that some have less of a right to life than others, in particular, that those who came into existence because of rape have less. But these statements have a rather unpleasant sound. Surely the question of whether you have a right to life at all, or how much of it you have, shouldnt turn on the question of whether or not you are the product of a rape. And in fact the people who oppose abortion on the ground I mentioned do not make this distinction, and hence do not make an exception in case of rape. 50 Philosophy ; Public Affairs Nor do they make an exception for a case in which the mother has to spend the nine months of her pregnancy in bed. They would agree that would be a great pity, and hard on the mother; but all the same, all persons have a right to ife, the fetus is a person, and so on. I suspect, in fact, that they would not make an exception for a case in which, miraculously enough, the pregnancy went on for nine years, or even the rest of the mothers life. Some wont even make an exception for a case in which continuation of the pregnancy is likely to shorten the mothers life; they regard abortion as impermissible even to save the mothers life. Such case s are nowadays very rare, and many opponents of abortion do not accept this extreme view. Moreover, in killing the child, one would be killing an innocent person, for the child has committed no crime, and is not aiming at his mothers death. And then there are a variety of ways in which this 3. The term direct in the arguments I refer to is a technical one. Roughly, what is meant by direct killing is either killing as an end in itself, or killing as a means to some end, for example, the end of saving someone elses life. See note 6, below, for an example of its use. 51 A Defense of Abortion might be continued. i) But as directly killing an innocent person is always and absolutely impermissible, an abortion may not be performed. Or, (2) as directly killing an innocent person is murder, and murder is always and absolutely impermissible, an abortion may not be performed. Because unplugging you would be directly killing an innocent violinist, and thats murder, and thats impermissible. If anything in the world is true, it is that you do not commit murder, you do not do what is impermissible, if you reach around to your back and unplug yourself from that violinist to save your life. The main focus of attention in writings on abortion has been on what a third party may or may not do in answer to a request from a woman for an abortion. This is in a way understandable. Things being as they are, there isnt much a woman can safely do to abort herself. So the question asked is what a third party may do, and what the mother may do, if it is mentioned at all, is deduced, almost as an afterthought, from what it is concluded that third parties may do. But it seems to me that to treat the matter in this way is to refuse to grant to the mother that very status of person which is so firmly insisted on for the fetus. For we cannot simply read off what a person may do from what a third party may do. Suppose you find yourself trapped in a tiny house with a growing child. I mean a very tiny house, and a rapidly growing child-you are already up against the wall f the house and in a few minutes youll be crushed to death. The child on the other hand wont be crushed to death; if nothing is done to stop him from growing hell be hurt, but in the end hell simply burst open the house and walk out a free man. Now I could well understand it if a bystander were to say, Theres nothing we can do for you. We cannot choose between your life and his, we cann ot be the ones to decide who is to live, we cannot intervene. But it cannot be concluded that you too can do nothing, that you cannot attack it to save your life. However innocent the child may be, you do not have to wait passively while it crushes you to death. Perhaps a pregnant woman is vaguely felt to have the status of house, to which we dont allow the 53 A Defense of Abortion right of self-defense. But if the woman houses the child, it should be remembered that she is a person who houses it. 1 should perhaps stop to say explicitly that I am not claiming that people have a right to do anything whatever to save their lives. I think, rather, that there are drastic limits to the right of self-defense. If someone threatens you with death unless you torture someone else to death, I think you have not the right, even to save your life, to do so. But the case under consideration here is very different. In our case there are only two people involved, one whose life is threatened, and one who threatens it. Both are innocent: the one who is threatened is not threatened because of any fault, the one who threatens does not threaten because of any fault. For this reason we may feel that we bystanders cannot intervene. But the person threatened can. In sum, a woman surely can defend her life against the threat to it posed by the unborn child, even if doing so involves its death. And this shows not merely that the theses in (i) through (4) are false; it shows also that the extreme view of abortion is false, and so we need not canvass any other possible ways of arriving at it from the argument I mentioned at the outset. 2. The extreme view could of course be weakened to say that while abortion is permissible to save the mothers life, it may not be performed by a third party, but only by the mother herself. But this cannot be right either. For what we have to keep in mind is that the mother and the unborn child are not like two tenants in a small house which has, by an unfortunate mistake, been rented to both: the mother owns the house. The fact that she does adds to the offensiveness of deducing that the mother can do nothing from the supposition that third parties can do nothing. But it does more than this: it casts a bright light on the supposition that third parties can do nothing. Certainly it lets us see that a third party who says I cannot choose between you is fooling himself if he thinks this is impartiality. If Jones has found and fastened on a certain coat, which he needs to keep him from freezing, but which Smith also needs to keep him from freezing, then it is not impartiality that says I cannot choose between you when Smith owns the coat. Women have said again and again This body is my body! and they have reason to feel angry, reason to feel that it has been like shouting into the wind. Smith, after all, is 54 Philosophy Public Affairs hardly likely to bless us if we say to him, Of course its your coat, anybody would grant that it is. But no one may choose between you and Jones who is to have it. We should really ask what it is that says no one may choose in the face of the fact that the body that houses the child is the mothers body. It may be simply a failure to appreciate this fact. But it may be something more interesting, namely the sense that one has a right to refuse to lay hands on people, even where it would be just and fair to do so, even where justice seems to require t hat somebody do so. Thus justice might call for somebody to get Smiths coat back from Jones, and yet you have a right to refuse to be the one to lay hands on Jones, a right to refuse to do physical violence to him. This, I think, must be granted. But then what should be said is not no one may choose, but only I cannot choose, and indeed not even this, but I will not act, leaving it open that somebody else can or should, and in particular that anyone in a position of authority, with the job of securing peoples rights, both can and should. So this is no difficulty. I have not been arguing that any given third party must accede to the mothers request that he perform an abortion to save her life, but only that he may. I suppose that in some views of human life the mothers body is only on loan to her, the loan not being one which gives her any prior claim to it. One who held this view might well think it impartiality to say I cannot choose. But I shall simply ignore this possibility. My own view is that if a human being has any just, prior claim to anything at all, he has a just, prior claim to his own body. And perhaps this neednt be argued for here anyway, since, as I mentioned, the arguments against abortion we are looking at do grant that the woman has a right to decide what happens in and to her body. But although they do grant it, I have tried to show that they do not take seriously what is done in granting it. I suggest the same thing will reappear even more clearly when we turn away from cases in which the mothers life is at stake, and attend, as I propose we now do, to the vastly more common cases in which a woman wants an abortion for some less weighty reason than preserving her own life. 3. Where the mothers life is not at stake, the argument I mentioned at the outset seems to have a much stronger pull. Everyone 55 A Defense of Abortion as a right to life, so the unborn person has a right to life. And isnt the childs right to life weightier than anything other than the mothers own right to life, which she might put forward as ground for an abortion? This argument treats the right to life as if it were unproblematic. It is not, and this seems to me to be precisely the source of the mistake. For we should now, at long last, ask what it comes to, to have a right to life. In so me views having a right to life includes having a right to be given at least the bare minimum one needs for continued life. But suppose that what in fact is the bare minimum a man needs for continued life is something he has no right at all to be given? If I am sick unto death, and the only thing that will save my life is the touch of Henry Fondas cool hand on my fevered brow, then all the same, I have no right to be given the touch of Henry Fondas cool hand on my fevered brow. It would be frightfully nice of him to fly in from the West Coast to provide it. It would be less nice, though no doubt well meant, if my friends flew out to the West Coast and carried Henry Fonda back with them. But I have no right at all against anybody that he should do this for me. Or again, to return to the story I told earlier, the fact that for continued life that violinist needs the continued use of your kidneys does not establish that he has a right to be given the continued use of your kidneys. He certainly has no right against you that you should give him continued use of your kidneys. For nobody has any right to use your kidneys unless you give him such a right; and nobody has the right against you that you shall give him this right-if you do allow him to go on using your kidneys, this is a kindness on your part, and not something he can claim from you as his due. Nor has he any right against anybody else that they should give him continued use of your kidneys. Certainly he had no right against the Society of Music Lovers that they should plug him into you in the first place. And if you now start to unplug yourself, having learned that you will otherwise have to spend nine years in bed with him, there is nobody in the world who must try to prevent you, in order to see to it that he is given something he has a right to be given. Some people are rather stricter about the right to life. In their view, it does not include the right to be given anything, but amounts to, 56 Philosophy Public Affairs and only to, the right not to be killed by anybody. But here a related difficulty arises. If everybody is to refrain from killing that violinist, then everybody must refrain from doing a great many different sorts of things. Everybody must refrain from slitting his throat, everybody must refrain from shooting him-and everybody must refrain from unplugging you from him. But does he have a right against everybody that they shall refrain from unplugging you from him? To refrain from doing this is to allow him to continue to use your kidneys. It could be argued that he has a right against us that we should allow him to continue to use your kidneys. That is, while he had no right against us that we should give him the use of your kidneys, it might be argued that he anyway has a right against us that we shall not now intervene and deprive him of the use of your kidneys. I shall come back to third-party interventions later. But certainly the violinist has no right against you that you shall allow him to continue to use your kidneys. As I said, if you do allow him to use them, it is a kindness on your part, and not something you owe him. The difficulty I point to here is not peculiar to the right to life. It reappears in connection with all the other natural rights; and it is something which an adequate account of rights must deal with. For present purposes it is enough just to draw attention to it. But I would stress that I am not arguing that people do not have a right to lifequite to the contrary, it seems to me that the primary control we must place on the acceptability of an account of rights is that it should turn out in that account to be a truth that all persons have a right to life. I am arguing only that having a right to life does not guarantee having either a right to be given the use of or a right to be allowed continued use of another persons body-even if one needs it for life itself. So the right to life will not serve the opponents of abortion in the very simple and clear way in which they seem to have thought it would. 4. There is another way to bring out the difficulty. In the most ordinary sort of case, to deprive someone of what he has a right to is to treat him unjustly. Suppose a boy and his small brother are jointly given a box of chocolates for Christmas. If the older boy takes the box and refuses to give his brother any of the chocolates, he is unjust to -him, for the brother has been given a right to half of them. But 57 A Defense of Abortion uppose that, having learned that otherwise it means nine years in bed with that violinist, you unplug yourself from him. You surely are not being unjust to him, for you gave him no right to use your kidneys, and no one else can have given him any such right. But we have to notice that in unplugging yourself, you are killing him; and violinists, like everybody else, have a right to life, and thus in the view we wer e considering just now, the right not to be killed. So here you do what he supposedly has a right you shall not do, but you do not act unjustly to him in doing it. The emendation which may be made at this point is this: the right to life consists not in the right not to be killed, but rather in the right not to be killed unjustly. This runs a risk of circularity, but never mind: it would enable us to square the fact that the violinist has a right to life with the fact that you do not act unjustly toward him in unplugging yourself, thereby killing him. For if you do not kill him unjustly, you do not violate his right to life, and so it is no wonder you do him no injustice. But if this emendation is accepted, the gap in the argument against abortion stares us plainly in the face: it is by no means enough to show that the fetus is a person, and to remind us that all persons have a right to life-we need to be shown also that killing the fetus violates its right to life, i. e. , that abortion is unjust killing. And is it? I suppose we may take it as a datum that in a case of pregnancy due to rape the mother has not given the unborn person a right to the use of her body for food and shelter. Indeed, in what pregnancy could it be supposed that the mother has given the unborn person such a right? It is not as if there were unborn persons drifting about the world, to whom a woman who wants a child says I invite you in. But it might be argued that there are other ways one can have acquired a right to the use of another persons body than by having been invited to use it by that person. Suppose a woman voluntarily indulges in intercourse, knowing of the chance it will issue in pregnancy, and then she does become pregnant; is she not in part responsible for the presence, in fact the very existence, of the unborn person inside her? No doubt she did not invite it in. But doesnt her partial responsibility for its being there itself give it a right to the use of her 58 Philosophy ; Public Affairs body? 7 If so, then her aborting it would be more like the boys taking away the chocolates, and less like your unplugging yourself from the violinist-doing so would be depriving it of what it does have a right to, and thus would be doing it an injustice. And then, too, it might be asked whether or not she can kill it even to save her own life: If she voluntarily called it into existence, how can she now kill it, even in self-defense? The first thing to be said about this is that it is something new. Opponents of abortion have been so concerned to make out the independence of the fetus, in order to establish that it has a right to life, just as its mother does, that they have tended to overlook the possible support they might gain from making out that the fetus is dependent on the mother, in order to establish that she has a special kind of responsibility for it, a responsibility that gives it rights against her which are not possessed by any independent person-such as an ailing violinist who is a stranger to her. On the other hand, this argument would give the unborn person a right to its mothers body only if her pregnancy resulted from a voluntary act, undertaken in full knowledge of the chance a pregnancy might result from it. It would leave out entirely the unborn person whose existence is due to rape. Pending the availability of some further argument, then, we would be left with the conclusion that unborn persons whose existence is due to rape have no right to the use of their mothers bodies, and thus that aborting them is not depriving them of anything they have a right to and hence is not unjust killing. And we should also notice that it is not at all plain that this argument really does go even as far as it purports to. For there are cases and cases, and the details make a difference. If the room is stuffy, and I therefore open a window to air it, and a burglar climbs in, it would be absurd to say,Ah, now he can stay, shes given him a right to the use of her house-for she is partially responsible for his presence there, having voluntarily done what enabled him to get in, in full knowledge that there are such things as burglars, and that burglars 7. The need for a discussion of this argument was brought home to me by members of the Society for Ethical and Legal Philosophy, to whom this paper was originally presented. 59 A Defense of Abortion burgle. It would be still more absurd to say this if I had had bars installed outside my windows, precisely to prevent burglars from getting in, and a burglar got in only because of a defect in the bars. It remains equally absurd if we imagine it is not a burglar who climbs in, but an innocent person who blunders or falls in. Again, suppose it were like this: people-seeds drift about in the air like pollen, and if you open your windows, one may drift in and take root in your carpets or upholstery. You dont want children, so you fix up your windows with fine mesh screens, the very best you can buy. As can happen, however, and on very, very rare occasions does happen, one of the screens is defective; and a seed drifts in and takes root. Does the person-plant who now develops have a right to the use of your house? Surely not-despite the fact that you voluntarily opened your windows, you knowingly kept carpets and upholstered furniture, and you knew that screens were sometimes defective. Someone may argue that you are responsible for its rooting, that it does have a right to your house, because after all you could have lived out your life with bare floors and furniture, or with sealed windows and doors. But this wont do-for by the same token anyone can avoid a pregnancy due to rape by having a hysterectomy, or anyway by never leaving home without a (reliable! army. It seems to me that the argument we are looking at can establish at most that there are some cases in which the unborn person has a right to the use of its mothers body, and therefore some cases in which abortion is unjust killing. There is room for much discussion and argument as to precisely which, if any. But I think we should sidestep this issue and leave it open, for at any rate the argument certainly does not establish that al l abortion is unjust killing. 5. There is room for yet another argument here, however. We surely must all grant that there may be cases in which it would be morally indecent to detach a person from your body at the cost of his life. Suppose you learn that what the violinist needs is not nine years of your life, but only one hour: all you need do to save his life is to spend one hour in that bed with him. Suppose also that letting him use your kidneys for that one hour would not affect your health in the slightest. Admittedly you were kidnapped. Admittedly you did not give 6o Philosophy Public Affairs anyone permission to plug him into you. Nevertheless it seems to me plain you ought to allow him to use your kidneys for that hour-it would be indecent to refuse. Again, suppose pregnancy lasted only an hour, and constituted no threat to life or health. And suppose that a woman becomes pregnant as a result of rape. Admittedly she did not voluntarily do anything to bring about the existence of a child. Admittedly she did nothing at all which would give the unborn person a right to the use of her body. All the same it might well be said, as in the newly emended violinist story, that she ought to allow it to remain for that hour-that it would be indecent in her to refuse. Now some people are inclined to use the term rightin such a way that it follows from the fact that you ought to allow a person to use your body for the hour he needs, that he has a right to use your body for the hour he needs, even though he has not been given that right by any person or act. They may say that it follows also that if you refuse, you act unjustly toward him. This use of the term is perhaps so common that it cannot be called wrong; nevertheless it seems to me to be an unfortunate loosening of what we would do better to keep a tight rein on. Suppose that box of chocolates I mentioned earlier had not been given to both boys jointly, but was given only to the older boy. There he sits, stolidly eating his way through the box, his small brother watching enviously. Here we are likely to say Youought not to be so mean. You ought to give your brother some of those chocolates. My own view is that it just does not follow from the truth of this that the brother has any right to any of the chocolates. If the boy refuses to give his brother any, he is greedy, stingy, callous-but not unjust. I suppose that the people I have in mind will say it does follow that the brother has a right to some of the chocolates, and thus that the boy does act unjustly if he refuses to give his brother any. But the effect of saying this is to obscure what we should keep distinct, namely the difference between the boys refusal in this case and the boys refusal in the earlier case, in which the box was given to both boys jointly, and in which the small brother thus had what was from any point of view clear title to half. A further objection to so using the term rightthat from the fact that A ought to do a thing for B, it follows that B has a right against A 6I A Defense of Abortion that A do it for him, is that it is going to make the question of whether or not a man has a right to a thing turn on how easy it is to provide him with it; and this seems not merely unfortunate, but morally unacceptable. Take the case of Henry Fonda again. I said earlier that I had no right to the touch of his cool hand on my fevered brow, even though I needed it to save my life. I said it would be frightfully nice of him to fly in from the West Coast to provide me with it, but that I had no right against him that he should do so. But suppose he isnt on the West Coast. Suppose he has only to walk across the room, place a hand briefly on my brow-and lo, my life is saved. Then surely he ought to do it, it would be indecent to refuse. Is it to be said Ah, well, it follows that in this case she has a right to the touch of his hand on her brow, and so it would be an injustice in him to refuse? So that I have a right to it when it is easy for him to provide it, though no right when its hard? Its rather a shocking idea that anyones rights should fade away and disappear as it gets harder and harder to accord them to him. So my own view is that even though you ought to let the violinist use your kidneys for the one hour he needs, we should not conclude that he has a right to do so-we should say that if you refuse, you are, like the boy who owns all the chocolates and will give none away, self-centered and callous, indecent in fact, but not unjust. And similarly, that even supposing a case in which a woman pregnant due to rape ought to allow the unborn person to use her body for the hour he needs, we should not conclude that he has a right to do so; we should conclude that she is self-centered, callous, indecent, but not unjust, if she refuses. The complaints are no less grave; they are just different. However, there is no need to insist on this point. If anyone does wish to deduce he has a ight from you ought, then all the same he must surely grant that there are cases in which it is not morally required of you that you allow that violinist to use your kidneys, and in which he does not have a right to use them, and in which you do not do him an injustice if you refuse. And so also for mother and unborn child. Except in such cases as the unborn person has a right to demand it-and we were leaving open the possibility that there may be such cases-nobody is morally required to make large sacrifices, of health, of all other interes ts and concerns, of all other duties 62 Philosophy Public Affairs and commitments, for nine years, or even for nine months, in order to keep another person alive. 6. We have in fact to distinguish between two kinds of Samaritan: the Good Samaritan and what we might call the Minimally Decent Samaritan. The story of the Good Samaritan, you will remember, goes like this: A certain man went down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and fell among thieves, which stripped him of his raiment, and wounded him, and departed, leaving him half dead. And by chance there came down a certain priest that way; and when he saw him, he passed by on the other side. And likewise a Levite, when he was at the place, came and looked on him, and passed by on the other side. But a certain Samaritan, as he journeyed, came where he was; and when he saw him he had compassion on him. And went to him, and bound up his wounds, pouring in oil and wine, and set him on his own beast, and brought him to an inn, and took care of him. And on the morrow, when he departed, he took out two pence, and gave them to the host, and said unto him, Take care of him; and whatsoever thou spendest more, when I come again, I will repay thee. (Luke I0:30-35) The Good Samaritan went out of his way, at some cost to himself, to help one in need of it. We are not told what the options were, that is, whether or not the priest and the Levite could have helped by doing less than the Good Samaritan did, but assuming they could have, then the fact they did nothing at all shows they were not even Minimally Decent Samaritans, not because they were not Samaritans, but because they were n ot even minimally decent. These things are a matter of degree, of course, but there is a difference, and it comes out perhaps most clearly in the story of Kitty Genovese, who, as you will remember, was murdered while thirtyeight people watched or listened, and did nothing at all to help her. A Good Samaritan would have rushed out to give direct assistance 63 A Defense of Abortion against the murderer. Or perhaps we had better allow that it would have been a Splendid Samaritan who did this, on the ground that it would have involved a risk of death for himself. But the thirty-eight not only did not do this, they did not even trouble to pick up a phone to call the police. Minimally Decent Samaritanism would call for doing at least that, and their not having done it was monstrous. After telling the story of the Good Samaritan, Jesus said Go, and do thou likewise. Perhaps he meant that we are morally required to act as the Good Samaritan did. Perhaps he was urging people to do more than is morally required of them. At all events it seems plain that it was not morally required of any of the thirty-eight that he rush out to give direct assistance at the risk of his own life, and that it is not morally required of anyone that he give long stretches of his lifenine years or nine months-to sustaining the life of a person who has no special right (we were leaving open the possibility of this) to demand it. Indeed, with one rather striking class of exceptions, no one in any country in the world is legally required to do anywhere near as much as this for anyone else.